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Historic Hotels of Hungary
Castle Hotels of Hungary
On the present territory of Hungary some 4500 castles and mansions still can be found though many of them were destroyed he World War II and the following post- war period. Nevertheless, several of the buildings still existing had the luck to be restored and changed into hotels. We would like to introduce some of these castles. In our days these castle hotels are real gems of the traditional Hungarian hospitality. Members of this issue established the Hungarian Castle Hotel Association. Get acquainted, through this publication, with the special atmosphere of these castles and hopefully we can welcome you soon in our hotels.
Go directly to: http://www.castle-hotel.hu/
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माय सर्च इन माय सुब्जेक्ट इन नस १ बिओलोगिकल
PHILIP JOHN F. VERALLO- BSBA
Introduction to Biology
Electron micrograph showing transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes in the developing egg cell of the spotted newt. Fibers extending in clusters are molecules of rRNA used in the construction of cell's ribosomes. The long filaments indicated by green arrow are DNA molecules coated with proteins. RNA molecules get longer as transcription proceeds to completion as indicated by the red arrow. (Courtesy of Oak Ridge National Laboratory , U.S. Department of Energy. Used with permission.)
Education development efforts for these introductory biology courses are one of many activities conducted by the HHMI Education Group at MIT. This group focuses on curriculum development work for creating teaching tools in undergraduate biology courses.
Course Description
The MIT Biology Department core courses, 7.012, 7.013, and 7.014, all cover the same core material, which includes the fundamental principles of biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, and cell biology. Biological function at the molecular level is particularly emphasized and covers the structure and regulation of genes, as well as, the structure and synthesis of proteins, how these molecules are integrated into cells, and how these cells are integrated into multicellular systems and organisms. In addition, each version of the subject has its own distinctive material.
7.012 focuses on the exploration of current research in cell biology, immunology, neurobiology, genomics, and molecular medicine.
Acknowledgements
The study materials, problem sets, and quiz materials used during Fall 2004 for 7.012 include contributions from past instructors, teaching assistants, and other members of the MIT Biology Department affiliated with course #7.012. Since the following works have evolved over a period of many years, no single source can be attributed.
What is biology?
Biology - The study of living organisms and their vital processes. It is the science devoted living organisms both plants and animals. The term biology has been derived from two Greek words; bios=life, logos=thinking, discourse or knowledge. It is divided into two main branches, botany and zoology. Biology is the area of science that studies life and its processes
The word biology is derived from the Greek words /bios/ meaning /life/ and /logos/ meaning /study/ and is defined as the science of life and living organisms. An organism is a living entity consisting of one cell e.g. bacteria, or several cells e.g. animals, plants and fungi. Aspects of biological science range from the study of molecular mechanisms in cells, to the classification and behavior of organisms, how species evolve and interaction between ecosystems.
The study of biology can be divided into different disciplines –
• Ethnology
• Evolutionary Biology
• Physiology
• Genetics
• Molecular Biology
• Morphology
• Systematic
• Ecology
Biology often overlaps with other sciences; for example, biochemistry and toxicology with biology, chemistry, and medicine; biophysics with biology and physics; stratigraphy with biology and geography; astrobiology with biology and astronomy. Social sciences such as geography, philosophy, psychology and sociology can also interact with biology, for example, in administration of biological resources, developmental biology, biogeography, evolutionary psychology and ethics.
What is the importance of biology?
Biology is a natural science which studies living organisms and how they interact with each other and their environment. It examines the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living things. Also, it classifies and describes organisms, their functions, and how species come into existence. Four unifying principles form the foundation of modern biology: cell theory, evolution, genetics and homeostasis. Biology as a separate science was developed in the nineteenth century as scientists discovered that organisms shared fundamental characteristics. Biology is now a standard subject of instruction at schools and universities around the world, and over a million papers are published annually in a wide array of biology and medicine journals. Most biological sciences are specialized disciplines. Traditionally, they are grouped by the type of organism being studied: botany, the study of plants; zoology, the study of animals; and microbiology, the study of microorganisms. The fields within biology are
further divided based on the scale at which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them:
1. biochemistry examines the fundamental chemistry of life;
2. molecular biology studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules;
3. cellular biology examines the basic building block of all life, the cell;
4. physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues and organ systems of an organism; and
5. ecology examines how various organisms and their environment interrelate.
another answer
is the science that studies living organisms. Prior to the nineteenth century, biology came under the general study of all natural objects called natural history. The term biology was first coined by Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus.[citation needed] It is now a standard subject of instruction at schools and universities around the world, and over a million papers are published annually in a wide array of biology and medicine journals.[1]
Biology examines the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution and classification of all living things. Five unifying principles form the foundation of modern biology: cell theory, evolution, gene theory, energy, and homeostasis.
HISTORY OF BIOLOGY
Biology - The Study of Life
By Regina Bailey, About.com
anatomy
biology
characteristics of life
Sponsored Links
Biological Field SchoolMaderas Rainforest Conservancy Costa Rica and Nicaraguawww.maderasrfc.org
What's Synthetic Biology?Nanotech + Genetic Engineering? Learn and win a great prize!www.SynbioProject.org
China Laboratory ProductsLab faucet/cup sink/dry rack,etc. High quality,large produce capacitywww.chinarunwangda.com
Biology Ads
Science Fair Projects Biology Science Biology Study Biology Research Biology Textbooks
What is biology? Simply put, it is the study of life -- life in all of its grandeur. From the very small algae to the very large elephant, life has a certain wonder about it. With that in mind, how do we know if something is living? Is a virus alive or dead? What are the characteristics of life? These are all very important questions with equally important answers. Characteristics of LifeLiving things include both the visible world of animals and plants, as well as the invisible world of bacteria. On a basic level, we can say that life is ordered. Organisms have an enormously complex organization. We're all familiar with the intricate systems of the basic unit of life, the cell.Life can also "work." No, not the daily employment variety, but living creatures can take in energy from the environment. This energy, in the form of food, is transformed to maintain metabolic processes and for survival.Life grows and develops. This means more than just getting larger in size. Living organisms also have the ability to rebuild and repair themselves when injured.Life can reproduce. Have you ever seen dirt reproduce? I don't think so. Life can only come from other living creatures. Life can respond. Think about the last time you accidentally stubbed your toe. Almost instantly, you flinched back in pain. Life is characterized by this response to stimuli.Finally, life can adapt and respond to the demands placed on it by the environment. There are three basic types of adaptations that can occur in higher organisms.
· Reversible changes occur as a response to changes in the environment. Let's say you live near sea level and you travel to a mountainous area. You may begin to experience difficulty breathing and an increase in heart rate as a result of the change in altitude. These symptoms go away when you go back down to sea level.
· Somatic changes occur as a result of prolonged changes in the environment. Using the previous example, if you were to stay in the mountainous area for a long time, you would notice that your heart rate would begin to slow down and you would begin to breath normally. Somatic changes are also reversible.
· The final type of adaptation is called genotypic (caused by mutation). These changes take place within the genetic makeup of the organism and are not reversible. An example would be the development of resistance to pesticides by insects and spiders.
In summary, life is organized, "works," grows, reproduces, responds to stimuli and adapts. These characteristics form the basis of the study of biology.Basic Principles of BiologyThe foundation of biology as it exists today is based on five basic principles. They are the cell theory, gene theory, evolution, homeostasis, and laws of thermodynamics.
· Cell Theory: all living organisms are composed of cells. The cell is the basic unit of life.
· Gene Theory: traits are inherited through gene transmission. Genes are located on chromosomes and consist of DNA.
· Evolution: any genetic change in a population that is inherited over several generations. These changes may be small or large, noticeable or not so noticeable.
· Homeostasis: ability to maintain a constant internal environment in response to environmental changes.
· Thermodynamics: energy is constant and energy transformation is not completely efficient.
Subdiciplines of BiologyThe field of biology is very broad in scope and can be divided into several disciplines. In the most general sense, these disciplines are categorized based on the type of organism studied. For example, zoology deals with animal studies, botany deals with plant studies, and microbiology is the study of microorganisms. These fields of studycanbe broken down further into several specializedsubdisciplines. Some of which include anatomy, cell biology, genetics, and physiology
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
It is not always an easy thing to tell the difference between living, dead, and non-living things. Prior to the 1600's many people believed that nonliving things could spontaneously turn into living things. For example, it was believed that piles of straw could turn into mice. That is obviously not the case. There are some very general rules to follow when trying to decide if something is living, dead, or non-living. Listed here are the six rules used by scientists:
Living things are made of cells.
Living things obtain and use energy.
Living things grow and develop.
Living things reproduce.
Living things respond to their environment.
Living things adapt to their environment.
If something follows one or just a few of the rules listed above, it does not necessarily mean that it is living. To be considered alive, an object must exhibit all of the characteristics of living things. Sugar crystals growing on the bottom of a syrup container is a good example of a nonliving object that displays at least one criteria for living organisms.
Ontario Biomedical Inst.Professional development courses in Clinical Research, Bioinformaticswww.ontariobiomedical.comhttp://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/davidschutz/livingEnv/notescharacteristics.htm Characteristics of living things
1. All living things are made up of cells. Organisms may be Unicellular (made up of one cell or Multicellular (made up of many cells)
2. All living things must be able to reproduce. Required for the species but not for each individual. Two basic kinds of reproduction are
Sexual reproduction- two cells from different parents unite to form zygote (first cell of new organism)
Asexual reproduction- one parent gives rise to new individual (binary fission or budding for example)
3. A L T are based on a universal genetic code, generally DNA
4. A L T Grow and develop - to get larger and change, have a life cycle
5. A L T Obtain and use materials and energy
Transport- movement of materials into out of or within
Metabolism - Chemical reactions of the life processes
Ingestion - taking in materials
Digestion - breaking down large molecules into simpler usable substances
Respiration - Combining oxygen with the products of digestion to release energy
Excretion - ridding the organism of unusable and waste materials
Nutrients- substances an organism needs for Energy Growth repair or maintenance
Synthesis- Production of large molecules by combining smaller ones
Photosynthesis- Production of large molecules (which contain stored energy) from smaller molecules using the suns energy
6. ALT respond to their environment - leaves face the sun, birds may fly south
7. ALT Maintain and regulate (control) an internal balance
Homeostasis - process by which organisms keep their internal conditions relatively the same
8. ALT evolve or can change over generations in response to environmental changes
Individual organisms can't evolve, a species can over many generations
8 Steps To The Scientific Method:
The 8 steps to the scientific method must be followed if the young scientist wants to be successful. You should also make sure the problem the experiment is trying to solve is not too big (look around the site for various science fair project ideas you can use).
Summary of the Scientific Method:
#1: The student will need to identify the problem. This begins when the scientist narrows down the possible projects to one topic.
#2: The child will ask an appropriate question. The question should be very specific and at this point parents and teachers can assist the child.
#3: It’s time to develop the hypothesis. The hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction about how the experiment will turn out.
#4: The student will now do the experiment. This is when the young scientist will organize and conduct the experiment.
#5: Always keep good records of the experiment. Everything should be recorded.
#6: The experiment should be repeated. When the experiment is repeated the student can be sure that the results noted the first time were correct and precise.
8 steps to the scientific method #7: Now the results will be analyzed. The student will look at the facts, numbers or statistics and see if the data is the same as their hypothesis. Sometimes the results match the hypothesis and sometimes they do not. Either outcome is all right.
8 steps to the scientific method #8: The conclusion can now be developed. The student may find that the conclusion provides answers to the question asked in step #2. The conclusion may or may not prove the scientist’s hypothesis.
Another key element in the scientific method is the research that will need to be done. Interviews can be done as well as the reading of books, magazines and any other materials available.
Chemical Basis of Life
Terms to define:
atoms -
elements - pure substances
Ex:
molecules -
Ex:
compounds -
Ex:
Parts of an Atom:
1. nucleus -
2. protons -
3. neutrons -
4. electrons -
Atomic mass -
Atomic number -
ISOTOPES - All atoms of the same element possess the same number of protons and electrons, but they may vary in the # of neutrons in their nucleus. Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weights are called isotopes.
Some unstable isotopes release energy or "pieces" of their nucleus as they decompose. These unstable isotopes are called radioactive isotopes and can be used as a diagnostic tool and in cancer treatments (see Martini Applications Manual for more information).
CHEMICAL BOND FORMATION
Valence shells (or orbitals)
Maximum # electrons in the 1st shell =
Maximum # electrons in the 2nd shell =
Maximum # electrons in the 3rd shell =
An atom is considered stable or inert (chemically inactive) when its outermost shell is completely filled. Helium, with 2 electrons is an example.
Types of Chemical Bonds:
1. Ionic Bonds -
2. Covalent Bonds -
3. Hydrogen Bonds -
Types of Chemical Reactions:
1. Catabolism
2. Anabolism
3. Exchange
Also Reversible Reactions...
Two Basic Types of Compounds in Living Organisms:
1. Inorganic compounds
2. Organic compounds
Examples and Properties of Inorganic compounds:
A. Gases
1. Oxygen
2. Carbon dioxide
B. Solutions (water: H2O)
1. Most essential and abundant compound in the body
2. Important solvent
3. Serves as a medium for chemical reactions
C. Inorganic Acids and Bases
1. Acids -
HCl -->
2. Bases -
NaOH -->
3. pH -
a. pH scale ranges from zero to fourteen
b. 0 - 6.9 =
c. 7.0 =
d. 7.1 - 14 =
4. Buffers
a. Resist very strong changes in pH
b. Release H+ when the pH starts to ____?
c. "Grabs" onto excess H+ when the pH starts to ____?
D. Inorganic salts (electrolytes)
Ex: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, PO4 3-
Classes of Organic Compounds and Their Importance:
A. Carbohydrates (sugars, starch)
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
4. Functions of carbohydrates
a. Fuel
b. Cell markers
c. Part of nucleotides
B. Lipids (fats)
1. Fatty acids
2. Triglycerides
3. Steroids
4. Phospholipids
5. Functions of lipids
a. Storage
b. Cell membranes
c. Steroid hormones
C. Proteins (polymers amino acids)
1. Structure of an amino acid (building blocks of proteins)
a. Amino group
b. R group
c. Carboxyl group
2. Functions
3. Enzyme Action
D. Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA - for more information, see the Cell handout)
1. Building blocks = nucleotides
2. DNA -
3. RNA -
E. High-energy Compounds
Ex: ATP
STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
Matter has mass and takes up space. Atoms are basic building blocks of matter, and cannot be chemically subdivided by ordinary means.
The word atom is derived from the Greek word atom which means indivisible. The Greeks concluded that matter could be broken down into particles to small to be seen. These particles were called atoms
Atoms are composed of three type of particles: protons, neutrons, and electron. Protons and neutrons are responsible for most of the atomic mass e.g in a 150 person 149 lbs, 15 oz are protons and neutrons while only 1 oz. is electrons. The mass of an electron is very small (9.108 X 10-28 grams).
Both the protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus. Protons have a postive (+) charge, neutrons have no charge --they are neutral. Electrons reside in orbitals around the nucleus. They have a negative charge (-).
It is the number of protons that determines the atomic number, e.g., H = 1. The number of protons in an element is constant (e.g., H=1, Ur=92) but neutron number may vary, so mass number (protons + neutrons) may vary.
The same element may contain varying numbers of neutrons; these forms of an element are called isotopes. The chemical properties of isotopes are the same, although the physical properties of some isotopes may be different. Some isotopes are radioactive-meaning they "radiate" energy as they decay to a more stable form, perhaps another element half-life: time required for half of the atoms of an element to decay into stable form. Another example is oxygen, with atomic number of 8 can have 8, 9, or 10 neutrons.
ELEMENTSAn element is a pure substance which cannot be broken down by further chemical techniques. These include heating, cooling, electrolysis and reacting with other chemicals. A sample of an element contains only one kind of atom in the sample.COMPOUNDSA compound is a pure substance composed of two or more different atoms chemically bonded to one another. A compound can be destroyed by chemical means. It might be broken down into simpler compounds, into its elements or a combination of the two.
A molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable, electrically neutral group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by very strong (covalent) chemical bonds.[1][2] Molecules are distinguished from polyatomic ions in this strict sense. In organic chemistry and biochemistry, the term molecule is used less strictly and also is applied to charged organic molecules and biomolecules.
In the kinetic theory of gases the term molecule is often used for any gaseous particle regardless of its composition.[3] According to this definition noble gas atoms are considered molecules despite the fact that they are composed of a single non-bonded atom.[4]
A molecule may consist of atoms of a single chemical element, as with oxygen (O2), or of different elements, as with water (H2O). Atoms and complexes connected by non-covalent bonds such as hydrogen bonds or ionic bonds are generally not considered single molecules.
No typical molecule can be defined for ionic crystals (salts) and covalent crystals (network solids), although these are often composed of repeating unit cells that extend either in a plane (such as in graphene) or three-dimensionally (such as in diamond or sodium chloride). The theme of repeated unit-cellular-structure also holds for most condensed phases with metallic bonding. In glasses (solids that exist in a vitreous disordered state), atoms may also be held together by chemical bonds without any definable molecule, but also without any of the regularity of repeating units that characterises crystals
Introduction to Biology
Electron micrograph showing transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes in the developing egg cell of the spotted newt. Fibers extending in clusters are molecules of rRNA used in the construction of cell's ribosomes. The long filaments indicated by green arrow are DNA molecules coated with proteins. RNA molecules get longer as transcription proceeds to completion as indicated by the red arrow. (Courtesy of Oak Ridge National Laboratory , U.S. Department of Energy. Used with permission.)
Education development efforts for these introductory biology courses are one of many activities conducted by the HHMI Education Group at MIT. This group focuses on curriculum development work for creating teaching tools in undergraduate biology courses.
Course Description
The MIT Biology Department core courses, 7.012, 7.013, and 7.014, all cover the same core material, which includes the fundamental principles of biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, and cell biology. Biological function at the molecular level is particularly emphasized and covers the structure and regulation of genes, as well as, the structure and synthesis of proteins, how these molecules are integrated into cells, and how these cells are integrated into multicellular systems and organisms. In addition, each version of the subject has its own distinctive material.
7.012 focuses on the exploration of current research in cell biology, immunology, neurobiology, genomics, and molecular medicine.
Acknowledgements
The study materials, problem sets, and quiz materials used during Fall 2004 for 7.012 include contributions from past instructors, teaching assistants, and other members of the MIT Biology Department affiliated with course #7.012. Since the following works have evolved over a period of many years, no single source can be attributed.
What is biology?
Biology - The study of living organisms and their vital processes. It is the science devoted living organisms both plants and animals. The term biology has been derived from two Greek words; bios=life, logos=thinking, discourse or knowledge. It is divided into two main branches, botany and zoology. Biology is the area of science that studies life and its processes
The word biology is derived from the Greek words /bios/ meaning /life/ and /logos/ meaning /study/ and is defined as the science of life and living organisms. An organism is a living entity consisting of one cell e.g. bacteria, or several cells e.g. animals, plants and fungi. Aspects of biological science range from the study of molecular mechanisms in cells, to the classification and behavior of organisms, how species evolve and interaction between ecosystems.
The study of biology can be divided into different disciplines –
• Ethnology
• Evolutionary Biology
• Physiology
• Genetics
• Molecular Biology
• Morphology
• Systematic
• Ecology
Biology often overlaps with other sciences; for example, biochemistry and toxicology with biology, chemistry, and medicine; biophysics with biology and physics; stratigraphy with biology and geography; astrobiology with biology and astronomy. Social sciences such as geography, philosophy, psychology and sociology can also interact with biology, for example, in administration of biological resources, developmental biology, biogeography, evolutionary psychology and ethics.
What is the importance of biology?
Biology is a natural science which studies living organisms and how they interact with each other and their environment. It examines the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living things. Also, it classifies and describes organisms, their functions, and how species come into existence. Four unifying principles form the foundation of modern biology: cell theory, evolution, genetics and homeostasis. Biology as a separate science was developed in the nineteenth century as scientists discovered that organisms shared fundamental characteristics. Biology is now a standard subject of instruction at schools and universities around the world, and over a million papers are published annually in a wide array of biology and medicine journals. Most biological sciences are specialized disciplines. Traditionally, they are grouped by the type of organism being studied: botany, the study of plants; zoology, the study of animals; and microbiology, the study of microorganisms. The fields within biology are
further divided based on the scale at which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them:
1. biochemistry examines the fundamental chemistry of life;
2. molecular biology studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules;
3. cellular biology examines the basic building block of all life, the cell;
4. physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues and organ systems of an organism; and
5. ecology examines how various organisms and their environment interrelate.
another answer
is the science that studies living organisms. Prior to the nineteenth century, biology came under the general study of all natural objects called natural history. The term biology was first coined by Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus.[citation needed] It is now a standard subject of instruction at schools and universities around the world, and over a million papers are published annually in a wide array of biology and medicine journals.[1]
Biology examines the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution and classification of all living things. Five unifying principles form the foundation of modern biology: cell theory, evolution, gene theory, energy, and homeostasis.
HISTORY OF BIOLOGY
Biology - The Study of Life
By Regina Bailey, About.com
anatomy
biology
characteristics of life
Sponsored Links
Biological Field SchoolMaderas Rainforest Conservancy Costa Rica and Nicaraguawww.maderasrfc.org
What's Synthetic Biology?Nanotech + Genetic Engineering? Learn and win a great prize!www.SynbioProject.org
China Laboratory ProductsLab faucet/cup sink/dry rack,etc. High quality,large produce capacitywww.chinarunwangda.com
Biology Ads
Science Fair Projects Biology Science Biology Study Biology Research Biology Textbooks
What is biology? Simply put, it is the study of life -- life in all of its grandeur. From the very small algae to the very large elephant, life has a certain wonder about it. With that in mind, how do we know if something is living? Is a virus alive or dead? What are the characteristics of life? These are all very important questions with equally important answers. Characteristics of LifeLiving things include both the visible world of animals and plants, as well as the invisible world of bacteria. On a basic level, we can say that life is ordered. Organisms have an enormously complex organization. We're all familiar with the intricate systems of the basic unit of life, the cell.Life can also "work." No, not the daily employment variety, but living creatures can take in energy from the environment. This energy, in the form of food, is transformed to maintain metabolic processes and for survival.Life grows and develops. This means more than just getting larger in size. Living organisms also have the ability to rebuild and repair themselves when injured.Life can reproduce. Have you ever seen dirt reproduce? I don't think so. Life can only come from other living creatures. Life can respond. Think about the last time you accidentally stubbed your toe. Almost instantly, you flinched back in pain. Life is characterized by this response to stimuli.Finally, life can adapt and respond to the demands placed on it by the environment. There are three basic types of adaptations that can occur in higher organisms.
· Reversible changes occur as a response to changes in the environment. Let's say you live near sea level and you travel to a mountainous area. You may begin to experience difficulty breathing and an increase in heart rate as a result of the change in altitude. These symptoms go away when you go back down to sea level.
· Somatic changes occur as a result of prolonged changes in the environment. Using the previous example, if you were to stay in the mountainous area for a long time, you would notice that your heart rate would begin to slow down and you would begin to breath normally. Somatic changes are also reversible.
· The final type of adaptation is called genotypic (caused by mutation). These changes take place within the genetic makeup of the organism and are not reversible. An example would be the development of resistance to pesticides by insects and spiders.
In summary, life is organized, "works," grows, reproduces, responds to stimuli and adapts. These characteristics form the basis of the study of biology.Basic Principles of BiologyThe foundation of biology as it exists today is based on five basic principles. They are the cell theory, gene theory, evolution, homeostasis, and laws of thermodynamics.
· Cell Theory: all living organisms are composed of cells. The cell is the basic unit of life.
· Gene Theory: traits are inherited through gene transmission. Genes are located on chromosomes and consist of DNA.
· Evolution: any genetic change in a population that is inherited over several generations. These changes may be small or large, noticeable or not so noticeable.
· Homeostasis: ability to maintain a constant internal environment in response to environmental changes.
· Thermodynamics: energy is constant and energy transformation is not completely efficient.
Subdiciplines of BiologyThe field of biology is very broad in scope and can be divided into several disciplines. In the most general sense, these disciplines are categorized based on the type of organism studied. For example, zoology deals with animal studies, botany deals with plant studies, and microbiology is the study of microorganisms. These fields of studycanbe broken down further into several specializedsubdisciplines. Some of which include anatomy, cell biology, genetics, and physiology
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS
It is not always an easy thing to tell the difference between living, dead, and non-living things. Prior to the 1600's many people believed that nonliving things could spontaneously turn into living things. For example, it was believed that piles of straw could turn into mice. That is obviously not the case. There are some very general rules to follow when trying to decide if something is living, dead, or non-living. Listed here are the six rules used by scientists:
Living things are made of cells.
Living things obtain and use energy.
Living things grow and develop.
Living things reproduce.
Living things respond to their environment.
Living things adapt to their environment.
If something follows one or just a few of the rules listed above, it does not necessarily mean that it is living. To be considered alive, an object must exhibit all of the characteristics of living things. Sugar crystals growing on the bottom of a syrup container is a good example of a nonliving object that displays at least one criteria for living organisms.
Ontario Biomedical Inst.Professional development courses in Clinical Research, Bioinformaticswww.ontariobiomedical.comhttp://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/davidschutz/livingEnv/notescharacteristics.htm Characteristics of living things
1. All living things are made up of cells. Organisms may be Unicellular (made up of one cell or Multicellular (made up of many cells)
2. All living things must be able to reproduce. Required for the species but not for each individual. Two basic kinds of reproduction are
Sexual reproduction- two cells from different parents unite to form zygote (first cell of new organism)
Asexual reproduction- one parent gives rise to new individual (binary fission or budding for example)
3. A L T are based on a universal genetic code, generally DNA
4. A L T Grow and develop - to get larger and change, have a life cycle
5. A L T Obtain and use materials and energy
Transport- movement of materials into out of or within
Metabolism - Chemical reactions of the life processes
Ingestion - taking in materials
Digestion - breaking down large molecules into simpler usable substances
Respiration - Combining oxygen with the products of digestion to release energy
Excretion - ridding the organism of unusable and waste materials
Nutrients- substances an organism needs for Energy Growth repair or maintenance
Synthesis- Production of large molecules by combining smaller ones
Photosynthesis- Production of large molecules (which contain stored energy) from smaller molecules using the suns energy
6. ALT respond to their environment - leaves face the sun, birds may fly south
7. ALT Maintain and regulate (control) an internal balance
Homeostasis - process by which organisms keep their internal conditions relatively the same
8. ALT evolve or can change over generations in response to environmental changes
Individual organisms can't evolve, a species can over many generations
8 Steps To The Scientific Method:
The 8 steps to the scientific method must be followed if the young scientist wants to be successful. You should also make sure the problem the experiment is trying to solve is not too big (look around the site for various science fair project ideas you can use).
Summary of the Scientific Method:
#1: The student will need to identify the problem. This begins when the scientist narrows down the possible projects to one topic.
#2: The child will ask an appropriate question. The question should be very specific and at this point parents and teachers can assist the child.
#3: It’s time to develop the hypothesis. The hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction about how the experiment will turn out.
#4: The student will now do the experiment. This is when the young scientist will organize and conduct the experiment.
#5: Always keep good records of the experiment. Everything should be recorded.
#6: The experiment should be repeated. When the experiment is repeated the student can be sure that the results noted the first time were correct and precise.
8 steps to the scientific method #7: Now the results will be analyzed. The student will look at the facts, numbers or statistics and see if the data is the same as their hypothesis. Sometimes the results match the hypothesis and sometimes they do not. Either outcome is all right.
8 steps to the scientific method #8: The conclusion can now be developed. The student may find that the conclusion provides answers to the question asked in step #2. The conclusion may or may not prove the scientist’s hypothesis.
Another key element in the scientific method is the research that will need to be done. Interviews can be done as well as the reading of books, magazines and any other materials available.
Chemical Basis of Life
Terms to define:
atoms -
elements - pure substances
Ex:
molecules -
Ex:
compounds -
Ex:
Parts of an Atom:
1. nucleus -
2. protons -
3. neutrons -
4. electrons -
Atomic mass -
Atomic number -
ISOTOPES - All atoms of the same element possess the same number of protons and electrons, but they may vary in the # of neutrons in their nucleus. Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weights are called isotopes.
Some unstable isotopes release energy or "pieces" of their nucleus as they decompose. These unstable isotopes are called radioactive isotopes and can be used as a diagnostic tool and in cancer treatments (see Martini Applications Manual for more information).
CHEMICAL BOND FORMATION
Valence shells (or orbitals)
Maximum # electrons in the 1st shell =
Maximum # electrons in the 2nd shell =
Maximum # electrons in the 3rd shell =
An atom is considered stable or inert (chemically inactive) when its outermost shell is completely filled. Helium, with 2 electrons is an example.
Types of Chemical Bonds:
1. Ionic Bonds -
2. Covalent Bonds -
3. Hydrogen Bonds -
Types of Chemical Reactions:
1. Catabolism
2. Anabolism
3. Exchange
Also Reversible Reactions...
Two Basic Types of Compounds in Living Organisms:
1. Inorganic compounds
2. Organic compounds
Examples and Properties of Inorganic compounds:
A. Gases
1. Oxygen
2. Carbon dioxide
B. Solutions (water: H2O)
1. Most essential and abundant compound in the body
2. Important solvent
3. Serves as a medium for chemical reactions
C. Inorganic Acids and Bases
1. Acids -
HCl -->
2. Bases -
NaOH -->
3. pH -
a. pH scale ranges from zero to fourteen
b. 0 - 6.9 =
c. 7.0 =
d. 7.1 - 14 =
4. Buffers
a. Resist very strong changes in pH
b. Release H+ when the pH starts to ____?
c. "Grabs" onto excess H+ when the pH starts to ____?
D. Inorganic salts (electrolytes)
Ex: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, PO4 3-
Classes of Organic Compounds and Their Importance:
A. Carbohydrates (sugars, starch)
1. Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
4. Functions of carbohydrates
a. Fuel
b. Cell markers
c. Part of nucleotides
B. Lipids (fats)
1. Fatty acids
2. Triglycerides
3. Steroids
4. Phospholipids
5. Functions of lipids
a. Storage
b. Cell membranes
c. Steroid hormones
C. Proteins (polymers amino acids)
1. Structure of an amino acid (building blocks of proteins)
a. Amino group
b. R group
c. Carboxyl group
2. Functions
3. Enzyme Action
D. Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA - for more information, see the Cell handout)
1. Building blocks = nucleotides
2. DNA -
3. RNA -
E. High-energy Compounds
Ex: ATP
STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
Matter has mass and takes up space. Atoms are basic building blocks of matter, and cannot be chemically subdivided by ordinary means.
The word atom is derived from the Greek word atom which means indivisible. The Greeks concluded that matter could be broken down into particles to small to be seen. These particles were called atoms
Atoms are composed of three type of particles: protons, neutrons, and electron. Protons and neutrons are responsible for most of the atomic mass e.g in a 150 person 149 lbs, 15 oz are protons and neutrons while only 1 oz. is electrons. The mass of an electron is very small (9.108 X 10-28 grams).
Both the protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus. Protons have a postive (+) charge, neutrons have no charge --they are neutral. Electrons reside in orbitals around the nucleus. They have a negative charge (-).
It is the number of protons that determines the atomic number, e.g., H = 1. The number of protons in an element is constant (e.g., H=1, Ur=92) but neutron number may vary, so mass number (protons + neutrons) may vary.
The same element may contain varying numbers of neutrons; these forms of an element are called isotopes. The chemical properties of isotopes are the same, although the physical properties of some isotopes may be different. Some isotopes are radioactive-meaning they "radiate" energy as they decay to a more stable form, perhaps another element half-life: time required for half of the atoms of an element to decay into stable form. Another example is oxygen, with atomic number of 8 can have 8, 9, or 10 neutrons.
ELEMENTSAn element is a pure substance which cannot be broken down by further chemical techniques. These include heating, cooling, electrolysis and reacting with other chemicals. A sample of an element contains only one kind of atom in the sample.COMPOUNDSA compound is a pure substance composed of two or more different atoms chemically bonded to one another. A compound can be destroyed by chemical means. It might be broken down into simpler compounds, into its elements or a combination of the two.
A molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable, electrically neutral group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by very strong (covalent) chemical bonds.[1][2] Molecules are distinguished from polyatomic ions in this strict sense. In organic chemistry and biochemistry, the term molecule is used less strictly and also is applied to charged organic molecules and biomolecules.
In the kinetic theory of gases the term molecule is often used for any gaseous particle regardless of its composition.[3] According to this definition noble gas atoms are considered molecules despite the fact that they are composed of a single non-bonded atom.[4]
A molecule may consist of atoms of a single chemical element, as with oxygen (O2), or of different elements, as with water (H2O). Atoms and complexes connected by non-covalent bonds such as hydrogen bonds or ionic bonds are generally not considered single molecules.
No typical molecule can be defined for ionic crystals (salts) and covalent crystals (network solids), although these are often composed of repeating unit cells that extend either in a plane (such as in graphene) or three-dimensionally (such as in diamond or sodium chloride). The theme of repeated unit-cellular-structure also holds for most condensed phases with metallic bonding. In glasses (solids that exist in a vitreous disordered state), atoms may also be held together by chemical bonds without any definable molecule, but also without any of the regularity of repeating units that characterises crystals
फिलिप जॉन फ्रूट वेराल्लो
Benigno S। Aquino, Jr। मानब of the Year, 1971
In Classic articles on August 20, 2006 at 1:27 pm
January 8, 1972
Man of the Yearby Teodoro L. Locsin, Jr.
There was rice shortage again. Prices were never higher. Unemployment was appalling, lawlessness reigned. Justice was compartmentalized, with one law for the rich and powerful, another law, a sterner one, for the poor and weak. Graft and corruption in the government was more rampant than ever. Demonstrators against the administration were shot at by government troops as if they were game and the President shed crocodile tears. Lip service was paid to reform while chaos if not revolution threatened. Who could challenge the regime? It seemed irresistible, controlling as it did not only Congress but the local governments. How could the Opposition hope to win against the Marcos candidates in the senatorial election? Their victory would be taken as a national endorsement of the Marcos idea of government—and his perpetuation in power. Who would lead the resistance? The privileges of the writ of habeas corpus had been suspended and martial law continually mentioned if not actually threatened. Democracy was going down, down, down. Who would stop the fall? He would be the Man of the Year.
IN a conversation which took place about a week before the Plaza Miranda bombing incident on 21 August 1971, Sen. Benigno Aquino, Jr., said to this writer:
“President Marcos has threatened again to charge me with subversion. It’s a bluff, but who knows?”
“Can he have forgotten so quickly how the Yuyitung affair backfired on him?” one said. But then, one thought, Marcos is not a machine weighing dispassionately the chances of success in this or that adventure but a vain and ambitious man with a great deal of power.
“A very dangerous man,” said Ninoy. He went on to say that he had a feeling of something big about to happen.
Some Ilocano politicians were in the room, among them the young Chavit Singson. They were reporting the steep rise of violent incidents in the North. Army-trained professional killers had been unleashed on the population of Northern and Central Luzon in preparation for the elections in November. They spoke in particular of a certain “Major” whose expertise in the art of assassination had earned him a license to kill. This assassin did not have to answer for his deeds to anyone and could kill at his own discretion. He had done a fine job in the North and was moving south. According to the latest reports then, he was operating in Mountain Province. Soon, they said, he would be in Manila.
They looked apprehensive and had come to Ninoy to see what he could do for them. “Nothing,” Ninoy answered them. He had neither the money nor the muscle to help them with. But he wanted to know for certain if they would stick it out with the Opposition to the end or succumb to the threats of the authorities. So long as they identified with the Opposition they were marked men. He would not hold it against them personally if they backed out at that moment but he did not want to waste time with anyone who would have a change of heart later on. A little reluctantly they all agreed to stick it out to the end. “You are dead men on leave,” Ninoy said. They nodded their heads in acknowledgment of the fact.
“If Singson makes it in Ilocos Sur and Dy in Isabela, I don’t care if we lose everywhere else,” said Ninoy. “Our cause will have been vindicated. These are the two spots most cruelly oppressed by the Marcos military machine. If we win in them, then we know we have pierced his armor. That’s consolation enough.”
That far back, Ninoy Aquino was already drawing the lineaments of the persona he would assume after the Plaza Miranda bombing and the President’s suspension of the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus, when the country tottered on the brink of dictatorship: that of the resistance-hero. Within a week Ninoy would serve as the symbol of democratic man confronted with forces that seek to suppress his individuality and freedom.
Expressing his forboding that the forces of reaction and dictatorship were ready and eager to break out in a wave of repression that would sweep away all our rights and liberties, frankly, he said, he did not know how anyone could meet, with the hope of overcoming, the threat to the Republic.
“The secret is not to be afraid,” one said. Not that one knew for certain that courage overcomes all obstacles but that to be brave and defiant is the only way consonant with human dignity to face tyranny.
A week later two fragmentation bombs were tossed onto the stage of the Liberal Party’s proclamation rally held in Plaza Miranda. Nine persons were killed and 95 others were wounded. The leadership of the Liberal Party could have been wiped out that fateful night of 21 August. Not one politician was killed but many of those who stood on the stage were seriously hurt. One lost a foot and, for a week or so, Sergio Osmeña, Jr., and Senator Salonga fought for their lives on operating tables.
Upon hearing of the tragic event the first thought that occurred to one was that this was the perfect pretext to liquidate Philippine democracy “in the interest of order and security.” The question of who perpetrated the crime seemed irrelevant in the light of the knowledge that only the government had the power to use the incident to its own advantage.
One could suspect the Communists. How often had one heard them declaim that in the confrontation between capital and labor, between the bourgeoisie and the common people, discussion is futile and serves only as an intellectual sport for the upper class, peaceful reform is a pipe dream and society’s contradictions can only be resolved through bloody revolution! The Communist argument is logical enough. There may be other ways to improve social conditions but the Communist way has an impressive record of success. But what one should do is not necessarily what one would do—especially when the conditions are far from favorable. In the present context, a total breakdown of social order could only favor the “fascists”—if one may be allowed to use that term, with its strict historical associations, to designate all who are hostile to and have no use for the democratic way of life, holding it too inefficient—meaning to say, it breeds a climate that is not always healthy for rich thieves.
The Left is noisy but basically powerless. Were it not for the protection afforded it by the liberal bourgeoisie, the Left would be either dead, in jail or scratching out a bare existence in the mountains. It has neither the talent nor the muscle to command popular respect and obedience. It cannot, therefore, impose its kind of order on the country should anarchy break out and a power vacuum appear. Since constant self-criticism is the hallmark of the Marxist movement, no doubt the Left in this country is fully conscious of its limitations. What to do about them is the question.
The rumor that Ninoy Aquino had masterminded the bombing to rid himself of rivals for his party’s nomination for Presidential candidate spread swiftly throughout the country. The press in time discredited that rumor but what was puzzling then was the celebrity with which the story spread. The bombing and the rumor seemed connected, parts of one clever scheme whose aim was to destroy the Opposition. The Opposition was bombed and the Opposition was to be blamed.
On Monday, 23 August, President Marcos made the announcement that he had as of midnight, Saturday, suspended the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus. The reason for this extraordinary measure, he said, was that there was a Maoist rebellion in progress.
Twenty persons had been arrested and were being detained in Camp Crame. All but one of them could not by any stretch of the imagination be described as Maoist. That was an oversight on the part of the President none made a note of the. His suspension of the writ had stunned the nation. The people felt, anyway, that is was not a question of whether he was rationally justified in the action he had taken. The power at his disposal could “justify” anything he did. The question was how far could he go, how far would he go. Hardly anyone believed the President’s words, but everyone paid heed to his power. From the outset it was a contest of nerves between the power of tyranny and the courage without arms of democratic men.
From noon onwards, on the day of the President’s announcement, the hours passed slowly in deathly calm. It was like a foretaste of life under a dictatorship: a life of quiet fear. A little longer the nation might have becomed accustomed to the situation, so easy is it to acquire the habit of obedience!
Suddenly the tense calm was broken. The voluble and tireless Ninoy Aquino began his counter-offensive and the spell of fascism was broken. Wherever he appeared, he carried a submachine gun at a time when no one outside the Administration would have dared be seen with one.
At the Manila Medical Center, the milling crowd at the entrance parted to admit the rotund frame of Senator Aquino come to check up on the condition of his colleagues. He passed by the government troops without even glancing at them, tight-lipped and looking confident of his ability to stand up to the Administration.
It was that picture that crystallized the people’s timid resentment against the Marcos Administration into an unshakeable determination to resist. The people fixed their eyes on Ninoy. If he got away with defying the President, how much better would they—the whole nation—fare!
The Administration caught on fast. Before it could expect the nation to submit, it would have to break the will of Senator Aquino. An object lesson would have to be made of him.
On Tuesday, President Marcos went on television. He laid the blame for the bombing of the LP rally on the Communists, who were planning, he said, to stage a revolution, of which the first act was the bombing incident at Plaza Miranda. He charged Senator Aquino with lending support to the Communist insurgent movement. He had “reliable” information that Ninoy Aquino had frequently met with such Huk field commanders as Dante, Mallari, Alibasbas, Freddie and Ligaya. He brought out a carbine with telescopic sight and a nickel-plated grease gun, which, he claimed, had been given by Ninoy to Huk commanders.
President Marcos presented two men, Max Llorente and Hernan Ilagan, who had been, he said, close friends of Senator Aquino until they discovered what he was really up to. Neither of them spoke a word all the time they were on TV. They just stood before the cameras with blank expressions until the President motioned for them to go away.
The evidence against Senator Aquino, he said, was overwhelming. It was only because he had hitherto “erred on the side of generosity” that he had not yet arrested the senator. But his tone suggested that that was a fault he would soon correct.
A raid on a Communist camp in Tarlac had uncovered a master plan to raze Manila and kidnap or assassinate prominent persons, the President went on. The bombing in Plaza Miranda was merely the prelude to a wave of Red Terror and a general civil war. He warned the radicals that the armed forces could cope with any situation they might create. He asked them to abandon the rest of their master plan, since it had no hope of succeeding, anyway. To avoid a costly confrontation between the Communists and the army, he would not hesitate to declare martial law and crush the insurgents before they had time to stage their planned insurrection.
Once more the Administration had the psychological advantage. People started losing heart. It was rumored that before the night was over, Senator Aquino would be arrested. After him, it would be only a question of time and accommodations in the stockades before all persistent critics of the Administration were in their turn arrested.
Later that night, Ninoy Aquino appeared on Channel 13. For once he looked serious. Opposite him, Juan Ponce Enrile, secretary of national defense, sat, grinning.
“I have been charged,” said Ninoy Aquino, “with the most serious crime against the Filipino people by President Marcos. I have, he has charged, subverted the state and planned the overthrow of the government in a conspiracy with the Communists. I have armed and funded the Huks, he told a press-TV-radio conference earlier tonight. And he hoisted before the people what he asserted was military intelligence information to nail down these charges.
“I say to him now: these are devious lies. I deny them flatly.
“He also hauled up arms I supposedly gave to the Huks. These, I charge him back, are his fabrications. Likewise, he brought before the TV cameras two supposed witnesses against me, one a longtime friend. I tell him: I will confront his witnesses.
“I say his charges are fabrications. And I challenge him to prove they are not.
“I say these are part of a sinister plot to obliterate the Opposition. And his very act is my proof. I say his motive is, far from securing the security of the people and the Republic, rather to secure the politics of his Party. This—again—is proven by his unholy timing.
“He says he has had the goods on me—that I have armed, funded and comforted the enemies of the state since 1965 and 1966. Why did he wait until tonight to unwrap the bill?
“I say that where the black bombers failed to wipe out the Opposition at Plaza Miranda, he would now succeed. This is his motive.
“I tell him: Mr. President, don’t do me any favors. Do your duty—and file your charges against me.
“Your duty is clear. And don’t forget your oath to apply the law evenly—if harshly. I know Lady Justice has worn a peek-a-boo since you came to power, but let Justice be blind once again in my case and let Justice take her full course in the charges you have leveled against me.
“I demand, in fact, Mr. President, that you bring to court—and prove that I am guilty or be shown as the biggest liar in Philippine political life.
“I ask him to charge me formally so he and I can meet before the bar of Philippine justice.
“If I am guilty, I will pay for my alleged crimes.
“If I am innocent, he must face the people and account for the lies, the plots, the smears he has so freely and ruthlessly waged against me. But if this is the price I must now pay for having abided unflinchingly with the faith you have put in me, I say: So be it. It is a privilege, not a sacrifice.”
Aquino stood up. Enrile squeezed his arm and gave him a reassuring smile, as though to say it was all a game, a show, and no real harm would come to him. But Ninoy’s dark expression did not change. If the President was in earnest, he did not like being threatened. If the whole thing was a ploy to save the President from having to make embarrassing explanations concerning the bombing incident and the measures he had adopted, he did not like being used. He walked out of the room without saying a word. We drove to his house in his car.
“Jesus Christ!” he said, shaking his head in disbelief. “Imagine the canard he is trying to foist. Ako pa ang nag-bomba together with the New People’s Army.”
On the night of the bombing he had not been on stage with the other Liberals. He was at a goddaughter’s despedida de soltera. His absence had lent some credence to the speculation that he had planned the bombing.
“Christ’s sake, this guy is really determined to send me to jail,” he said.
He leaned back in the seat. The ordeal there was over. He looked contented. Now there was no more having to choose. He had flung the President’s threat back in the man’s complacent face and he was happy with his decision. All that remained was for the authorities to pick him up.
“So what? So one or two years in a stockade. At least I’ll died with my boots on.”
Had he plans of escaping into the hills? I asked.
“Ha, oblige him? Nah, I’ll stick it out here.”
If they came for him, what would he do?
“Aba, I’ll go. Christ’s sake! And tell your father not to forget the pocketbooks when he’s brought in, too. I’ll bring in the Philippine Reports and resume my law studies in jail and when I come out, take the bar. This is the only chance I’ll have.”
At this we started laughing.
“ ‘I erred on the side of generosity,’ did you hear that? Boy oh boy, what a shit of bluffer. He’s thrown everything at me, but I’m numb. I told you that even before all this, at the Inter-continental. I’m really numb.”
I asked him about the two witnesses Marcos had presented.
If one added up all the time he had seen Hernan Ilagan, it would amount to three hours, he said. As for Max Llorente, he saved the man’s life once and his skin several times over. This was how the man repaid him!
“The classic Filipino,” said Ninoy. It was a favorite phrase of his. He had used it in previous conversations to describe Filipinos who lived off the fat of the land but refused to pay for any of it.
I asked him about the affidavits made by other witnesses implicating him in the crime of subversion.
“All his witnesses are dead, anyway. Putang ina. Hahahaha. Naku linabas ang mga baril, ayong mga lahat na…. Hahahaha. Jesus, what a farce! Aye, God! Goddamned this guy, he’s good, this Marcos. He almost convinced me I’m a Huk.”
Every day from then on the Marcos Administration hurled a new charge or threat at the senator, who exposed every charge as a lie and met each threat with smiling nonchalance. And yet the threats were real enough. One night the PC ringed his house to frighten his family. Members of the medical staff of the Central Azucarrera de Tarlac were picked up and questioned by the PC, who tried to force them into signing affidavits implicating Ninoy with the Huks. Houseboys and cooks were also arrested. His brother-in-law, Antolin Oreta, Jr., was “invited” by the army and then detained.
That he had had dealings with the Huks, Ninoy did not deny.
“What can I do about that? I have lived in Tarlac where the Huks operate most. The point I’m driving at with my frequent mention of Huks is that as governor of Tarlac I tried to arrive at a condition of peace that was not reached through bloodshed. In my six years of governorship, I don’t think there were more than 21 Huk killings. It was not until Mr. Marcos arrived on the scene that these things began to escalate. From 1966 up the present about 1,500 have been killed. My policy as governor had been to let everyone come to my office and talk things over: Huk and non-Huk, Nacionalista and Liberal. I believed that was the only way I could maintain peace in the province. I told the Huks, ‘This is a free country. So long as you don’t kill anyone this is a free country for you. You can speak against me, attack me in the barrios. Go ahead. I believe in our democracy. You have the right to air your views. If the people should ultimately prefer your system to the one I espouse, who am I to oppose the people?’
“The Army calls this co-existence.
“I call it survival. Moreover I have extreme faith in our democratic way of life. I firmly believe that exposed to both the democratic and Communist ideologies, the people will opt for democracy.
“When the Huks complained about bad roads, I immediately repaired them. When the Huks said a landowner was abusive, I immediately approached the landowner, and if the Huks were speaking the truth, I asked him to mend his ways. The landowners have called me a radical but all I did was ask them, ‘Which would you prefer? To negotiate with the Huks or get your head chopped off?
“The Army called it co-existence. Well, they can call it anything they want, but the Army was happy then. There was peace.”
As for his frequent meetings with the Huks, he had arranged these meetings not to solicit Huks support for his candidates but, on the contrary, to ask the Huks not to interfere in Tarlac politics. One such meeting had been at the request of Danding Cojuangco, the President’s right hand man, who was then running for governor, according to Ninoy.
To deprive the Liberals of support from any sector, the Marcos Administration continued its smear campaign against the spokesman for the Liberal Party. The charge of Communism dangling over Aquino’s head kept the Chinese, for one, from giving him any aid. The memory of the fate of the Yuyitung brothers was still fresh in their minds. To deny the Liberals American support, President Marcos invited a New York Times correspondent to interview him. He repeated his charges against Ninoy and said that if the Communists fielded a candidate in 1973, meaning Ninoy Aquino, he would be compelled to field his wife, Imelda, as his party’s candidate for President.
In answer, Ninoy said that eight years of Marcos are enough and to inflict six more years of Imelda on the country would be unthinkable! Addressing himself to the President, Ninoy said:
“If Mr. Marcos is fielding his wife in ’73 just to stop Ninoy Aquino, I’m telling him now, I’m not running. Keep your wife home, Mr. Marcos, do not tire her out with a gruelling campaign. I would like to spare her the hardship. I will not run in 1973, so long as Imelda’s doesn’t run either. Let Imelda and I make a blood compact, vowing not to run in 1973 as Presidential candidates.”
Asked to comment on Ninoy’s proposal, President Marcos answered:
“I refuse to comment on a speech by a comedian.”
Ninoy Aquino’s audacity and defiance bore fruit on November 8. The Liberal senatorial candidates swept the elections. In Ilocos Sur, Singson won as governor and in Isabela, despite the presence of Task Force Lawin, Dy won as well. Ninoy’s cause had, indeed, been vindicated. Even the poorest and most downtrodden emulated the example he had set. In Tarlac, the barrio folk themselves went out to protect the ballots they had cast, forming long processions to escort the ballot boxes to the municipalities. The senator had given a new lease on life to the democratic idea, which cynics had dismissed as an empty catchphrase incapable of firing anyone’s imagination, let alone convincing anyone to risk his life for it. The “people’s victory,” as Ninoy called it, of November 8 proved them wrong.
Because he stood for the people’s will to resist tyranny, drawing upon himself all the fury of its wrath without flinching, Sen. Benigno Aquino, Jr., did more than anybody else to make that victory possible and is, therefore, the Man of the Year 1971 in the Philippines.
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